What did the Pilgrim settlers and Wampanoag people really eat at the "first" Thanksgiving?

For sure, it wasn't mashed potatoes and gravy or pumpkin pie!

 

On and Off the Menu

Excerpt from an article on Epicurious.com

So, popular myths aside, what can be ruled out of the equation from the English transplants' table? Potatoes—white or sweet—would not have been featured on the 1621 table, and neither would sweet corn. Bread-based stuffing was also not made, though the Pilgrims may have used herbs or nuts to stuff birds.

Instead, the table was loaded with native fruits like plums, melons, grapes, and cranberries, plus local vegetables such as leeks, wild onions, beans, Jerusalem artichokes, and squash. (English crops such as turnips, cabbage, parsnips, onions, carrots, parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme might have also been on hand.) And for the starring dishes, there were undoubtedly native birds and game as well as the Wampanoag gift of five deer. Fish and shellfish were also likely on the groaning board.

There is no concrete way to know if they had any roast turkey that day, but we do know there were plenty of wild turkeys in the region then, "and both the native Wampanoag Indians and English colonists ate them," writes Curtin in Giving Thanks: Thanksgiving Recipes and History from the Pilgrims to Pumpkin Pie. That doesn't explain why the big, ungainly bird has become the de facto traditional centerpiece around which the entire meal is built, but at least it gives us a feeling of authenticity to imagine that America's forefathers might have been gnawing on a crispy turkey leg, just like we do nearly four centuries later.

As for beverages to wash down the feast, Curtin says the Pilgrims likely drank just water. "In their first year, the English colonists had grown a few acres of barley, so it is possible that some beer or ale may have been brewed by the end of harvest time—but given how long it takes to brew and ferment beer, this seems unlikely.

"Wine, considered a finer beverage than beer, may have been brought across by some travelers on the Mayflower. It was frequently mentioned in later accounts of supplies to the colonies. By the mid-1600s, cider would become the main beverage of New Englanders, but in 1621 Plymouth, there were not any apples yet."

Cooking Techniques of the 17th Century

While modern Thanksgiving meals involve a lot of planning and work, at least we have efficient ovens and kitchen utensils to make our lives easier. Curtin says the Pilgrims probably roasted and boiled their food. "Pieces of venison and whole wildfowl were placed on spits and roasted before glowing coals, while other cooking took place in the household hearth," she notes, and speculates that large brass pots for cooking corn, meat pottages (stews), or simple boiled vegetables were in constant use.

"The meaty carcasses from one meal no doubt were simmered to yield broth for use in the next. In the English tradition, the meats may have had sauces accompanying them—perhaps something as simple as mustard (a very popular English 'sauce'). And contrary to conventional wisdom, 17th-century English cuisine revealed through cookbooks of the time was anything but bland, making skillful use of a variety of ingredients including spices, herbs, dried fruits, and wine or beer."

Appetite whetted? You can replicate the first Thanksgiving by making the Seethed Mussels with Parsley and Vinegar, Stewed Turkey with Herbs and Onions, Stewed Pumpkin, and Sweet Pudding of Indian Corn, or take a trip to Plimoth Plantation for special 1621-themed dinners in October and November. There, you can feast on food of the time with residents from the Pilgrim Village and give thanks that a few dozen English stragglers stuck it out in the wilds of the New World.

http://www.epicurious.com/articlesguides/holidays/thanksgiving/first

The following article from Archaeology Magazine a publication of the Archaeological Institute of America which contains a lot of history from Kathleen Curtin, a food historian for Plimoth Plantation and author of "Giving Thanks - Thanksgiving Recipes and History from Pilgrim to Pumpkin Pie".

(Courtesy Plimoth Plantation)

How did you begin studying the history of food? How did this study lead you to become Plimoth Plantation's food historian?

I began at the museum as a colonial role-player in 1987. I was fresh out of graduate school (history and education), and I applied for what I thought was going to be an interesting temporary job. Here I am nearly 20 years later.... As a historian with a love of food and cooking, using food as a bridge to talk about another culture, time or place made sense to me when I was a role-player. In 1991, I took over running the historic food programs at the museum. Somewhere along the line, as I became expert in colonial foodways, I assumed the title of Food Historian. I love my job because there is always more to learn and new ways to interact with the public. Luckily, I live close to Boston where there are great food history resources including Radcliff's Seminars in Food History and the Boston Culinary Historians.

What inspired you to write a Thanksgiving cookbook?

In the past 19 years, I have probably answered thousands of questions about the history of Thanksgiving. (In fact, I am willing to bet that the last person to talk as much about the holiday was nineteenth-century Thanksgiving promoter Sarah Josepha Hale!) Each November, Plimoth Plantation becomes "Thanksgiving Central" and I receive requests from all over the country from people who want to understand how the holiday we celebrate came to be. Once people get over their initial disappointment that the English and Wampanoag really didn't "found" the holiday as we know it, the conversation turns to the true history of the holiday which is much more fascinating (and much more complicated) than the simple mythic story of the so-called "First Thanksgiving."

(Courtesy Plimoth Plantation)

As a food historian who works with the public, I was also aware that food provides a very accessible (and edible) means for exploring the past (and other cultures). It just made sense to tell the story of the holiday by connecting the recipes and history andvoilà--a book was born!

One of the things I like most about the Thanksgiving holiday is how (whether we know it or not!) history connects with us all each year in the choices we make about what we eat on Thanksgiving. Each family's menu tells a lot about who they are. My absolute favorite part of my work on the book was connecting with people today about their holiday traditions and recipes. Invariably when questioned about their holiday menu, people would say, "We eat the usual..." and in every single case their was a dish or two (or more) that made me say "Wait, what was that dish?" and we were off on a new and fascinating glimpse in to the holiday.

Did the English colonists and the native Wampanoag celebrate "The First Thanksgiving" together?

Yes and no. They did get together for three days of feasting, military exercises, and diplomacy. We know of the event through a letter from 1621 that mentions that the colonists celebrated their first harvest "by rejoicing in a special manner" and that Wampanoag people joined them. But, this event was not a "thanksgiving" of any sort but was a harvest celebration.

This harvest event actually had nothing at all to do with the beginnings of our American Thanksgiving holiday! It is not until 1841 that the 1621 event is erroneously interpreted to be "The First Thanksgiving." Here at Plimoth Plantation, we call this event "the harvest celebration in 1621."

What was the relationship like between the colonists and the Wampanoag in 1621, the year of the harvest celebration?

The primary sources for Plymouth reveal a relationship that was tentatively cooperative. In 1621, the English colonists and (some of) the Wampanoag people had a military agreement, trade relations, regular communications, and even some social interaction. That being said, these two cultures were very different; they had no common language or worldview. I imagine the tone of that feast was both celebratory and watchful on the part of both cultures.

From where did the idea of the feast come? Who attended?

Colonist Edward Winslow's 1621 letter speaks for itself (in much more beautiful language than I could come up with):

Our harvest being gotten in, our governor [William Bradford] sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruit of our labors. They four in one day killed as much fowl as, with a little help beside, served the company almost a week. At which time, amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their great king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which they brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.

Mourt's Relation, Dwight Heath, ed. (New York: Corinth Books, 1963)

In other words, the call for celebration seems to have come from the colonial governor, William Bradford, who was not creating a new tradition but simply celebrating the end of the harvest (as was done in England as well). There were about 50 colonists in Plymouth Colony at that time, and they were joined by more than 90 Wampanoag men as well as other Native people from nearby communities.

Can you describe how food was served and the table customs of that time?

In an ordinary family meal, food was placed on the table with diners helping themselves to the dishes in front of them. At larger events with a range of social stations, it was expected that the "better sorts," or more important people, would eat foods that were superior both in method of preparation and quality of ingredients. That better food would be placed in front of the most honored diners and would not be passed around. Dining was not democratic. At the 1621 harvest celebration, it is certainly possible that more elaborately prepared foods made from the best ingredients were served to the most important diners among the English and Wampanoag, while simpler or "coarser" dishes went to the "common sorts." Give that a try that at your next dinner party!

In Plymouth Colony, inventories include dishes from pewter plates to simple wooden trenchers. There are a variety of drinking vessels as well, from leather jacks and earthenware cups to costly glassware. The English ate with knives, spoons, and fingers. Spoons were used for soft or liquid foods. Knives were used both to cut food and to convey "gobbets" or morsels to the mouth.

Why didn't the Pilgrims have forks to eat with?

According to colonial inventories, they did not have any eating forks. In early seventeenth-century England, there were forks, from those that held joints of meat for cutting to pitchforks for farming. Eating forks were used at court, though to common Englishmen they smacked of a disdainful "foreignness." According to archaeologist James Deetz, eating forks were not "common" in England until the middle of 1600s at the earliest. In New England, there are no eating forks on any archeological sites until the early 1700s, and significant numbers don't appear in New England until a few decades later.

How similar was the food to what we traditionally eat today?

Venison and wildfowl (geese and ducks most likely) are the only foods we know for sure were on the tables in 1621. It is likely that corn, pumpkins, and garden produce also figured in to the menu. Remember the 1621 harvest celebration took place over three days and consisted of many different meals. You may note that turkey is not among the food items mentioned by Winslow. I think that is certainly possible that turkey was eaten at some point. Winslow's list is far from exhaustive and the task of feeding 150 people for three days would likely have necessitated more hunting and perhaps the inclusions of "lesser" meats like shellfish and lobster.

What is the biggest misconception about the Thanksgiving Holiday?

That 1621 harvest celebration was "the first thanksgiving"! There never was a "First Thanksgiving" in the sense of a particular celebration that initiated the regular observance of the holiday we know and love today.

Throughout American history, how has the celebration of Thanksgiving changed? How has it remained the same?

Since the true roots of our American Thanksgiving holiday are in the solemn religious observances of New England Puritans, the holiday has undergone a huge change. The earliest colonial thanksgivings in the 1600s were sporadic and solemn religious and civil observances in recognition of specific blessings like a timely rainfall or peace after war. People spent the day attending morning and afternoon church services; and though they socialized between and after services, there was little time for a large meal. Toward the end of the 1600s, you see the development of more general autumn thanksgivings. These thanksgivings were spent in church, with the faithful eating no food until late in the day.

Over the next century, autumn Thanksgiving observances had evolved in New England into a holiday centered on the family and a bountiful table, so that by the 1780s the outlines of the holiday we know were clear. By that time, the old custom of two church services a day on Thanksgiving, had loosened somewhat, which allowed for the dinner meal to expand into more than a bite between services, and the holiday acquired many of the characteristics we are familiar with today.

What is the significance of eating turkey? How would the pilgrims have prepared the bird?

Turkeys, while native to North America, were already a familiar sight to the English; turkeys had been brought to England by way of Spain by the mid-1500s and became an instant hit as a celebratory food--particularly on the Christmas table in Merry Old England. Turkey also makes a great centerpiece on the table. Unlike today, turkey was often not the only meat dish on the table. Roast pork and chicken pie are also frequently mentioned.

New England colonists spit-roasted tender, smaller birds but likely boiled the bigger, tougher toms. I have a great boiled turkey recipe in my book.

Did pilgrims make pumpkin pies? Can you give us the recipe for an authentic pilgrim-style pumpkin pie?

I don't believe that they had pumpkin pies in 1621. The colonists lacked an oven and [their having] wheat flour is pretty doubtful as well. The earliest documented pumpkin pies are a bit after the 1621 event. In some of the earliest recipes pumpkin is treated like an apple--sliced thinly and layered with dried fruit and spices. You don't see our lovely custardy pumpkin pies until much later.

This is one of my favorite recipes for pumpkin (pumpkin and squash are botanically the same critter--they can be used interchangeably). From Giving Thanks, Thanksgiving Recipes and History from Pilgrims to Pumpkin Pie:

The Ancient New England Standing Dish (Stewed Pumpkin)

New World pumpkins and squashes were introduced into Europe in the late fifteenth century. By the time the colonists made their way to Plymouth, "pompions" had gained widespread acceptance in England. In New England, stewed pumpkin was common, everyday fare--a "standing dish"--particularly in the fall and winter. The lyrics to a song traditionally attributed to 1630, reveal the colonists' dependence on pumpkins:

For pottage, and puddings, and custards, and pies,
Our pumpkins, and parsnips are common supplies;
We have pumpkin at morning and pumpkin at noon,
If it was not for pumpkin we should be undone.

Edward Johnson, who came to Boston in 1630, wrote "let no man make a jest at Pumpkins, for with this fruit the Lord was pleased to feed his people to their good content, till Corne and Cattell were increased." Perhaps this passage was in response to the merry lyrics of the song.

This recipe for stewed pumpkin comes from John Josselyn, an early traveler to New England. His description of the common dish is full of wonderful details that provide both a sense of how the finished dish should taste ("tart like an apple") and a vivid glimpse into a colonial kitchen ("stew them upon a gentle fire a whole day"). "The Ancient New England Standing Dish" is one of the earliest written recipes from New England.

The Ancient New England Standing Dish But the Housewives manner is to slice them when ripe, and cut them into dice, and so fill a pot with them of two or three Gallons, and stew them upon a gentle fire a whole day, and as they sink, they fill again with fresh Pompions, not putting any liquor to them; and when it is stew'd enough, it will look like bak'd Apples; this they Dish, putting Butter to it, and a little Vinegar, (with some Spice, as Ginger, &c.) which makes it tart like an Apple, and so serve it up to be eaten with Fish or Flesh: It provokes Urin extremely and is very windy.

John Josselyn, New-Englands Rarities Discovered (1672)

Modern version

4 cups cooked squash or pumpkin, mashed
4 tablespoons butter
1-2 tablespoons cider vinegar
1-2 teaspoons ground ginger (or any combination of nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, and or/pepper, to taste)
1 teaspoon salt

Place the squash, butter, vinegar and spices in a saucepan over low heat. Stir and heat until all of the ingredients are well combined and hot. Adjust the seasonings to your liking and serve.

Serves 8